Sangyo no Kiso: Genryo.

Honshitsuteki ni, genryo to wa shizen kara chokusetsu saishutsu sareru kihonteki na shigen de ari, arayuru sangyo seisan purosesu no shuyo na tonyubutsu to shite kino shimasu. Seisan chain no saisho no rinku o koseishi, ichiren no henkan dankai o hete, shohi zai ya chukan seihin o umidasu ``shuyo na zairyo' desu. Korera no kihonteki na shigen ga nakereba, shijo no nizu o mitasu seihin o tsukuru koto wa tan'ni fukanode arimasu. Kachi chain wa, shigen o shutoku suru saishu kigyo kara hajimari, sono ato seizogyo ga sore o kako shite saishu zai o tsukurimasu. Tatoeba, mokuzai (genryo) ga ita (han'seihin) ni kako sare, saishuteki ni isu (kansei hin) ni narimasu.

Hado komoditizu vs. Sofuto komoditizu

``Hado' komoditizu wa, kinzoku ya sekiyu no yo ni saishu sareru mono desu. Ippan-teki ni hifuhai-sei de, mugen ni hokan dekiru tame, shijo sanka-sha wa yori yuri na kakaku o matsu aida zaiko o hoji dekimasu. ``Sofuto' komoditizu wa, kohi ya komugi no yo ni saibai sareru shuyo na nogyo seihin desu. Shohi kigen ga ari, fuhai-sei desu. Kono kubetsu wa juyo de ari, hokan senryaku, kakaku no hendo-sei, torihiki apurochi ni chokusetsu eikyo shimasu.

Saisei kano vs. Saisei fukano

Saisei kano na genryo wa, nogyo seihin ya ringyo seihin no yo ni, ningen no jikan wakugumi nai de shizen ni hokyuu matawa saisei dekimasu. Kaseki nenryo ya kinzoku kobutsu no yo na saisei fukano na mono wa, chikyu no chikaku ni yugen no ryou de sonzai shi, sono shohi sokudo wa chishitsugaku-teki na keisei sokudo o haruka ni koete imasu. Kono yoso wa, choki-teki na kyokyu anzen hosho to, jizoku kano-sei oyobi junkangata keizai eno suishin ni totte konpon-teki desu.

Chokusetsu genryo vs. Kansetsu genryo: Kaikei oyobi un'ei no kanten kara, chokusetsu genryo wa, pan no komugiko ya kutsu no kawa no yo ni, saishu seihin ni butsuri-teki ni kumikoma re, shikibetsu kanona mono desu. Kansetsu genryo wa, seisan purosesu ni hitsuyode aru ga saishu seihin no ichibu de wa nai mono, tatoeba kikai no junkatsu-zai ya kojo no seiso seihin desu. Ryoho no koritsu-teki na kanri wa, kosuto kanri ni fuka-ketsu desu.

Gendai: Tayouka to Senryakuteki Zairyo no Yoake

Gendai keizai wa, rekishi-jo no izure no jidai yori mo, yori tayou de fukuzatsuna genryo no potoforio ni izon shite imasu. Tetsu ya sekiyu no yo na dentou-teki na dairyo komoditizu ni, ``kuritikaru' mata wa ``senryakuteki' zairyo no zouka suru risuto ga kuwawarimashita. Kibkinzoku, richiumu, kobaruto no yo na korera no zairyo wa, hikakuteki shouryo de hitsuyou to sareru ga, denki jidousha kara senshin-teki na bouei shisutemu made, saisentan no gijutsu ni totte zettai-teki ni fuka-ketsu desu.

Sara ni, genryo to iu gainen jitai ga kakudai shimashita. Genzai, purasuchikku to senni no jizokukano na daitai to shite kenkyu sarete iru sourui ya taima no yo na baio yurai no tonyuubutsu ga fukumarete imasu. Mata, tokutei no uranyumu doutai tai ya gariumu chisso-butsu no yo na senshin-teki na kagou-butsu no yo ni, shizen ni wa sonzai sezu, kenkyusho de gosei-teki ni sakusei sarenakereba naranai zairyo mo fukumarete imasu.

Kono rekishi-teki na kiseki wa, saketorrenai patan o akirakaninishimasu: gijutsu kakumei wa, sono honshitsu ni oite, zairyo kakumei desu. Jinrui no noryoku ni okeru subete no juyouna shinpo wa, busshitsu o atarashiku, yori senren sareta houhou de sosa suru noryoku ni yotte kanoshi ni saremashita.

• Richiumu: ``Shiroi kin' to shite shirareta sore wa, genzai no richiumu ion denchi gijutsu no chushin yoso desu. Sono karusa to takai enerugi mitsudo wa, toribun, sore o okinaenai mono ni shimasu. Sekai-teki na juyo wa, seiki nakaba made ni 10 bai ni zouka suru to yosoku sarete ori, 2023 nen no 20 man ton kara 200 man ton ijo ni narimasu.

• Kobaruto to nikkeru: Korera wa, kosei no denchi no kasodo no juyouna kosei yoso de ari, sono enerugi mitsudo, antei-sei, jumyou o kettei shimasu. Nikkeru wa furyoku tabin ya suiso seisan ni mo juyo desu.

• Kibkinzoku genso (REE): 17 no genso kara naru kono gurupu wa, sono namae ni hanshite, chikyu no chikaku ni wa kanarazu shimo kizu de wa arimasen ga, sono saishu to shori wa fukuzatsu de, chiriteki ni shuchu shite imasu.

Komoditizu no Genzai no Panorama

Gendai no gurobaru keizai wa, tayouna genryo no setto no taemanai ryuudo no okage de kino shite imasu. Risuto wa hirojou desu ga, enerugi, kinzoku, oyobi nogyo no komoditizu no sentakusareta gurupu ga, ryoryo, shogyou kachi, oyobi senryakuteki eikyo no ten de shijo o shihai shite imasu.

Enerugi komoditizu

• Gen'yu (WTI to Burento): Saisei kano enerugi no shinpo ni mokakawarazu, sekiyu wa mottomo torihiki sarete iru genryo de ari, sekai no shuyo na enerugi-gen de ari, yusou to sekiyu kagaku sangyo ni fuka-ketsu desu.

• Tennen gasu: Sekitan ya sekiyu yori mo kurin de aru tame ``iko nenryo' to mina sarete iru tennen gasu wa, hatsuden, katei danbou, oyobi sangyo tonyuubutsu to shite fuka-ketsu desu. Sono gurobaru na torihiki wa, paipurain o tsujite, oyobi masumasu, ekika tennen gasu (LNG) no katachi de okonawareru.

Sangyo-yo kinzoku

• Tetsu koseki to sekitan: Korera wa, tatemono ya hashi kara jidousha ya kikai made, subete no gendai infura no kihonteki na zairyo de aru ko no seisan ni okikaerarenai seibun desu.

• Do: Kono kinzoku no kakaku wa, denki hairingu, erekutoronikusu, kensetsu, oyobi seizougyo de no hirohanni na shiyo no tame, sekai keizai no kenko no barometaa to mina sarete imasu.

• Aruminiumu: Kono karukute, tsuyokute, koudo ni dendo-sei no aru kinzoku wa, yusou sangyo (jidousha to koku ucchu), hoso, oyobi kensetsu ni totte fuka-ketsu desu.

Kikinzoku: Anzen shisan to sangyou buhin

• Kin: Sore wa sekai-teki ni shuyo na ``anzen shisan' desu. Toushika wa, keizai-teki na fukakujitsu-sei, takai infure, mata wa chiseigaku-teki na fuantei-sei no jiki ni, shihon no kachi o hozon suru tame ni kin ni atsumari masu.

• Gin: Kin no yo ni, kikinzoku de ari anzen shisan de aru ga, juyo ga zouka shite iru juyouna sangyo zairyo de mo arimasu. Sono sangyo-teki na oyo wa, taiyo denchi (dendo-sei no tame), erekutoronikusu, oyobi iryo kiki no yo na ko-seichou sekuta de fuka-ketsu desu.

Kihon-teki na nogyo seihin

• Tomorokoshi: Gurobaru na shokuryo anzen hosho no hashira no hitotsu de ari, ningen no shohi to kachiku no shibo to shite hiroku shiyo sarete imasu.

• Komugi: Suujuu-oku no hitobito no shushoku sakumotsu to shite, komugi wa sekai no shokutaku no fuka-ketsu na yoso desu.

• Daizu: Kono oto-sei no aru mame-ka wa, dobutsu no shibo no tame no tanpaku-shitsu-gen oyobi ningen no shohi no tame no abura no juyouna kyokyu-gen desu. Baio dizeru seisan ni mo shiyo saremasu. Daizu no boueki no nagare wa, shuyo ni chikusan-gyo no tame ni shiyo suru Chugoku no bakudaina juyo ni tsuyoku eikyou sarete imasu.

Amerika gasshukoku, Kanada, oyobi Mekishiko

Tomouni, karera wa sekai de mottomo togo sare, dainamikkuna boueki burokku no hitotsu o keisei shi, USMCA (Mekishiko de wa T-MEC) no shita de seishiki ni teikei shite imasu. Kono kyoutei wa, genryo, chuukan zai, oyobi kansei-hin no daikibo katsu keizokuteki na kokkyou o koeta ryutsuu o sokushin shimasu.

Chiiki-kan no sogo izon: 3tsu no patona kan no boueki wa, Amerika gasshukoku no sou yunyuu no yaku 30% o shimete ori, kono kankei no juyou-sei o shimeishite imasu.

Shuyo na boueki no nagare:

• Enerugi: Daikibo de taemanai gen'yu to tennen gasu no ryuudo ga, Kanada no seisan ba kara Amerika gasshukoku no seiseiho to shohi chuushin eno ugokimasu.

• Kinzoku to kobutsu: Kanada wa, Amerika sangyo muke no arumini-umu, ko, kin, oyobi sono hoka no kinzoku no konpon-teki na kyokyu-sha desu.

• Togo sareta seizougyo: Sapurai chain, tokuni jidousha sekuta wa, fukaku karamiaatte imasu. Genryo to buhin wa, kuruma ga saishuteki ni kumitate reru mae ni, seizou purosesu-chu ni Amerika gasshukoku, Mekishiko, oyobi Kanada no kokkyou o nando mo koe masu.

Koritsu-teki de tei-kosuto na sapurai chain o tsukuru koto ni okeru USMCA no seikou wa, gyakusetsu-teki ni, shisutemu-teki na zeijakusei o shojimashita. Haipa-togo wa jonouchou-sei o sakugen shi, antei shita boueki ruto to seisaku eno takai izon o umidashimashita. Hitsotsu no sekuta no mondai wa, 3 kakkoku ni kyuusokuni hirogaru sokuji-teki de jidaina keizai-teki kekka o motarasu kano-sei ga arimasu. Jidousha sekuta ga kanpekina rei desu: Mekishiko kara no buhin no haiso no okure wa, Michigan no kumitate rain o tomeru kano-sei ga ari, sorehajitai ga Kebeku no arumini-umu ni izon shite imasu. Kono sogo kankei, sore wa burokku no saidai no kyoumi de aru to doujini, saidai no shuuchuu risuku de mo arimasu.

Saishu chiten kara kako oyobi seizou chuushin eno genryo no butsuri-teki na idou wa, gurobaru keizai o sasaeru kyodaina rojisutikusu-teki na kigyo desu. Kono shisutemu wa, fukuzatsuna maruchi-modaru nettowaaku ni izon shite ori, soko de wa sorezore no yusou moodo ga, kosuto, youryou, sokudo, oyobi jyunansei no ten de yuniku na riten o teikyou shimasu.

Yusou moodo: maruchi-modaru apurochi

• Doro yusou: Hininotai no jyunansei o teikyou shi, Kita-amerika oyobi Chuo-amerika no rojisutikusu ni fuka-ketsu de ari, soko de wa joukyou ni oujita jyunansei to dainamikkuna youryou ga hitsuyou desu. Torakku wa, kozan, noujou, mata wa shinrin de genryo o atsume, kako no tame no mokuteki-chi ni hakobI, soshite kojo kara hokan oyobi ryuutsuu chuushin kara no henkan sareta seihin to shite mokuteki-chi ni hakobu no ni fuka-ketsu desu.

• Barakara kaijo yusou: Kokusai-teki na genryo boueki no sekitsui de ari, nagai kyori ni watatte dairyou o yusou suru no ni fuka-ketsu desu. Kono moodo wa, koudo ni senmon-ka sareta senpaku ni izon shite imasu: Baratsumi-sen: Korera no kyodaina fune wa, kokeitai, hoso sarete inai kamotsu o yusou suru tame no ookina kamotsu-shitsu o sonaete sekkei sarete imasu.

• Tanka: Barakara no ekitai o yusou suru yo ni sekkei sarete ori, gurobaru enerugi shijo ni fuka-ketsu desu. Gen'yu o yusou suru super-tanka (VLCC) kara, ekika tennen gasu (LNG) no LNG tanka, samazama na kagaku-hin to shokubutsu-yu no kagaku tanka made fukumaremasu.

• Tetsudo yusou: Nagai kyori ni watatte omoi zairyo no dairyou o idou saseru tame. Sono shinraisei to youryou wa, tsugi no yo na mono ni riso-teki desu:

• Inta-modaru yusou: Tetsudo wa, inta-modaru yusou no juyo na yoso de ari, soko de wa hyojun kontena ga fune, densha, oyobi torakku no aida de shimurezuni tensou sare, tetsudo no chokkyori youryou to torakku no jyunansei o kumiawasete imasu.

• Kobutsu to ko: Tetsudo wa, tetsu koseki to sekitan o seitetsujo ni yusou shi, kansei-hin no ko seihin o ryuutsuu suru no ni kihon-teki desu.

• Paipurain yusou: Ekitai oyobi gasu no riku-jo yusou ni totte, mottomo anzen de, koritsu-teki de, keizokuteki na houhou desu. Sekiyu oyobi gasu paipurain: Enerugi sekuta no jyumyaku de aru kyodaina tairiku odan nettowaaku o keisei shimasu. Saishu ba kara seiseiho eno gen'yu o yusou shi, ichinichi 24 jikan, taezu kadou shite imasu.